COMMUNISM: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

- materialism

http://www.marxist.com/Theory/study_guide1.html

- dialectical materialism

dialectic

Georg W. F. Hegel (1770-1831)

“Absolute Idea”

thesis

antithesis

synthesis

- class struggle “historical materialism”

1867: Kapital

ANARCHISM

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

1840: Qu’est-ce que la propriété? “What is property?” it is THEFT

1842: Avertissement aux propriétaires “Warning to Proprietors”

Michael Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814-1876)

“Unchain the popular anarchy in country and town . . . Magnify it till it rolls like a raging avalanche, devouring and destroying.”

London 2.6 million in 1850 3.9 million in 1870 44% incr

Paris 1 million 1.8 million 76% incr

Vienna 444 thousand 834 thousand 88% incr

St Petersburg 485 thousand 667 thousand 38% incr

Sir Edwin Chadwick (1800-1980)

1842: Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

Queen Victoria (1819-1901; r. 1837-1901)

Great Exhibition of 1851: The Crystal Palace

POSITIVISM

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer 1820-1903

criminology

eugenics

history: Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886)

dialectic materialism

Biblical criticism

1850s: Nineveh

Epic of Gilgamesh

2^nd millennium B.C.

NOBEL PRIZE

1895

Max Weber (1864-1920)

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

► Darker/primal aspect of human nature

Dionysian v. Apollonian/Apollinian

► Subjectivity of human knowledge

► Positivism = secularization

► SUPERMAN (Übermensch)

Thus spoke Zarathustra

► NIHILISM

Ragnarök = Götterdämmerung

Twilight (doom) of the gods

Have you ever heard of the madman who on a bright morning lighted a lantern and ran to the market-place calling out unceasingly: "I seek God! I seek God!" As there were many people standing about who did not believe in God, he caused a great deal of amusement. Why? is he lost? said one. Has he strayed away like a child? said another. Or does he keep himself hidden? Is he afraid of us? Has he taken a sea voyage? Has he emigrated? - the people cried out laughingly, all in a hubbub. The insane man jumped into their midst and transfixed them with his glances. "Where is God gone?" he called out. "I mean to tell you! We have killed him, you and I! We are all his murderers!” [Gay Science Bk 3, section 125]

God is among us (if we bother to notice): Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)

“The world has proclaimed the reign of freedom, especially of late, but what do we see in this freedom of theirs? Nothing but slavery and self-destruction! For the world says: ‘You have desires and so satisfy them, for you have the same rights as the most rich and powerful. Don’t be afraid of satisfying them and even multiply your desires.’ That is the modern doctrine of the world. In that they see freedom. And what follows from this right of multiplication of desires? In the rich, isolation and spiritual suicide; in the poor, envy and murder; for they have been given rights, but have not been shown the means of satisfying their wants.”

“The Salvation of Russia comes from the people. ... Take care of the peasant and guard his heart. Go on educating him quietly. That’s your duty as monks, for the peasant has God in his heart.”

[Conversations and Exhortations of Father Zosima, from The Brothers Karamazov, trans. Constance Garnett]

Philokalia (4^th-18^th centuries)

1866 Crime and Punishment

1869 Idiot

1880 Brothers Karamazov