1. Voltaire is best known for
his extensive commentaries on the Bible, which earned him the lasting support
of the papacy.
2. Adam Smith, a supporter of
mercantilist economic theory, was a long-time administrator in the successful
British East India Company.
3. Widespread popular
nationalism in Poland prevented Russia, Austria, and Prussia from completely
dismembering Poland in the 18th century.
4. Maria Theresa of Austria
had friendly relations with Frederick the Great of Prussia, who belonged among
the few European monarchs supportive of Maria’s succession in 1740.
ROMANTICISM roman - spontaneity, simplicity, honesty William
Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Lyrical Ballads - emotions and intuition Weltschmerz Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(1772-1834) “Kubla Khan” Thomas
De Quincey (1785-1859) Confessions
of an English Opium Eater - nature - noble savage - individual - romantic hero Napoleon George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) Faust
Sorrows
of Young Werther Richard
Wagner (1813-1883) - interest in the past - nationalism and romanticism
NEUSCHWANSTEIN 1869-
Ludwig II of Bavaria (1864-86)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778)
Émile
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Critique of Pure Reason.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
(1749-1832)
Faust
Sorrows
of Young Werther
William
Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Lyrical Ballads written with
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
Thomas De
Quincey (1785-1859)
Confessions of an English
Opium Eater
George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
Childe-Harold’s Pilgrimage
Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
Frankenstein.
Alexander Pushkin
(1799-1837)
Victor Hugo (French
1802-1885)
Les Misérables, Hunchback of Notre Dame, etc.
Ludwig von Beethoven
(German, 1770-1827)
Franz Liszt (Hungarian,
1811-1886)
Richard Wagner (German)
(1813-1883)
Tchaikovsky
(Russian,1840-1893)
Giuseppe Verdi (Italian,
1813-1901)
Strauss, Richard
(German, 1864-1949)
CONSERVATISM WITH A VENGEANCE
Metternich
(1773-1859)
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst
Von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein
Carlsbad
Decrees 1819
assassination
of August von Kotzebue
(Alexandre Dumas the elder “Karl Ludwig Sand”)
Burschenschaften
December 1825:
Decembrists: “Long live Constitution!”
Alexander I
Constantine
Nicholas I (ruled 1825-55)
“Orthodoxy,
Aristocracy, Nationalism”
1849: Fyodor
Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)
WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
1821 Greece
1831 Belgium
1810 Latin America
FRANCE Charles X Jules de Polignac 1830: July Revolution: LOUIS PHILIPPE revolutionary tradition religion suffrage doubled (to 6% of
population) “Enrichissez-vous!” 1845-46: potato crisis Irish famine Reform banquets
“citizen-king” King Louis Philippe
1830-1848 July Monarchy
1848 February
22-24, 1848 REPUBLIC New tension: Bourgeoisie vs. Workers National Workshops June, 1848 Louis
Napoleon (1808-1873) 1852-1870 Emperor Louis Napoleon III Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte “Victor Hugo and Emile de Girardin Elevating Louis Napoleon”
AUSTRIA
Hungarians /
Magyars
Louis Kossuth (1802-94)
March 1848
Vienna, 1848
Franz Josef (1848-1916)
GERMAN STATES
Frankfurt Assembly May 1848
Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901)
Peterloo Massacre 1819
(St Peter’s fields in Manchester)
1832 REFORM ACT
rotten
boroughs
Manchester (250,000 by 1850) 0
London (over 2
mil. by 1850) 4
Cornwall
(192,000) 44
1830s: Chartist Movement
1943 Edwin Chadwick
Report on an
Enquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring
Population of Great Britain.
1845 Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels
Condition of the Working Class in
England
LIBERALISM
John
Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
utilitarianism
liberalism
1859 On
Liberty
Otto von
Bismarck (1815-1898) Niccolò
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
The Prince
REALPOLITIK
Bismarck: “The
great questions of the time are not decided by speeches and majority decisions
—that was the
error of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood.”
demagogue
SOCIALISM
“vague, undefined, undefinable”
Rule of St Benedict of Nursia:
+/- 526
CLUNY (founded 909-910)
Thomas More (1477-1535) Utopia
Thomaso Campanella (1568-1639) City
of the Sun
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
New Lanark,
Scotland
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
The Communist Manifesto (1848)