FREDERICK II
(1194-1250
emperor 1220-50)
“stupor mundi”
Hohenstaufen
empire
ghibellines
Waiblingen
guelphs
Guelph (Welf)
1231 Liber
Augustalis / Constitutions of Melfi
imperialis
potestas
universalis
potestas
INNOCENT IV (1243-54)
Mongols/Tatars 1241
Gog and Magog
Joachim
of Fiore
1245 COUNCIL at LYONS
1247 Parma
UNIVERSITY of NAPLES (1224)
Salerno
Louis IX (r. 1226-1270)
Sainte Chapelle
(1243-48)